The Downside ofInciting Envy
By Arthur C. Brooks
NYTimes.com
THE Irish singer Bono once
described a difference between America and his
native land. “In the United States,” he explained,
“you look at the guy that lives in the mansion on
the hill, and you think, you know, one day, if I
work really hard, I could live in that mansion. In
Ireland, people look up at the guy in the mansion on
the hill and go, one day, I’m going to get that
bastard.”
Alexis de Tocqueville phrased it a little
differently, but his classic 19th-century text
contains the same observation. Visiting from France,
he marveled at Americans’ ability to keep envy at
bay, and to see others’ successes as portents of
good times for all.
For decades, survey data has supported the
Bono-Tocqueville Hypothesis. The 2006 World Values
Survey, for example, found that Americans are only a
third as likely as British or French people to feel
strongly that “hard work doesn’t generally bring
success; it’s more a matter of luck and
connections.” This faith that success flows from
effort has built America’s reputation as a
remarkably unenvious society.
Does it matter? It does indeed, when it comes to our
pursuit of happiness. As the essayist
Joseph Epstein puts it, “Of the seven deadly
sins, only envy is no fun at all.”
Unsurprisingly, psychologists have found that envy
pushes down life satisfaction and depresses
well-being. Envy is positively correlated with
depression and neuroticism, and the hostility it
breeds may
actually make us sick.
Recent
work suggests that envy can help explain our
complicated relationship with social media: it often
leads to destructive “social comparison,” which
decreases happiness. To understand this, just
picture yourself scrolling through your ex’s wedding
photos.
My own data analysis confirms a strong link between
economic envy and unhappiness. In 2008, Gallup asked
a large sample of Americans whether they were “angry
that others have more than they deserve.” People who
strongly disagreed with that statement — who were
not envious, in other words — were almost five times
more likely to say they were “very happy” about
their lives than people who strongly agreed. Even
after I controlled for income, education, age,
family status, religion and politics, this pattern
persisted.
It’s safe to conclude that a national shift toward
envy would be toxic for American culture.
Unfortunately, in the wake of the Great Recession,
such a shift may well be underway, given the
increasing anxiety about income inequality and
rising sympathy for income redistribution. According
to data from the
General Social Survey, the percentage of
Americans who feel strongly that “government ought
to reduce the income differences between the rich
and the poor” is at its highest since the 1970s. In
January, 43 percent of Americans told the
Pew Research Center that government should do “a
lot” to “reduce the gap between the rich and
everyone else.”
Why the shift? The root cause of increasing envy is
a belief that opportunity is in decline. According
to a 2007
poll on inequality and civic engagement by the
Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at
Syracuse University, just 30 percent of people who
believe that everyone has the opportunity to succeed
describe income inequality as “a serious problem.”
But among people who feel that “only some” Americans
have a shot at success, fully 70 percent say
inequality is a major concern.
People who believe that hard work brings success do
not begrudge others their prosperity. But if the
game looks rigged, envy and a desire for
redistribution will follow.
This is the direction we’re heading. According to
Pew, the percentage of Americans who feel that
“most people who want to get ahead” can do so
through hard work has dropped by 14 points since
about 2000. As recently as 2007,
Gallup found that 70 percent were satisfied with
their opportunities to get ahead by working hard;
only 29 percent were dissatisfied. Today, that gap
has shrunk to 54 percent satisfied, and 45 percent
dissatisfied. In just a few years, we have gone from
seeing our economy as a real meritocracy to viewing
it as something closer to a coin flip.
How can we break the back of envy and rebuild the
optimism that made America the marvel of the world?
First and foremost, we must increase mobility for
more Americans with a radical opportunity agenda.
That means education reform that empowers parents
through choice, and rewards teachers for innovation.
It means regulatory and tax reform tailored to spark
hiring and entrepreneurship at all levels,
especially the bottom of the income scale. It means
recalibrating the safety net to ensure that work
always pays — such as an expansion of the
earned-income tax credit — while never disdaining
the so-called dead-end jobs that represent a crucial
first step for many marginalized people.
Second, we must recognize that fomenting bitterness
over income differences may be powerful politics,
but it injures our nation. We need aspirational
leaders willing to do the hard work of uniting
Americans around an optimistic vision in which
anyone can earn his or her success. This will never
happen when we vilify the rich or give up on the
poor.
Only a shared, joyful mission of freedom,
opportunity and enterprise for all will cure us of
envy and remind us who we truly are.
Arthur C. Brooks is the president of the American Enterprise Institute and a contributing opinion writer.